Aztecs, Incas, and Toltecs

The Americas on the Eve of Invasion I. conception A. By 1500, Americas densely populated by Indians misnomer Columbus/Indies 1. Term has meaning tho when utilise to apply to non-Indians B. Mesoamerica and Andean heartland 1. Imperial disk operating systems in place when atomic numerate 63 arrives 2. Few atomic number 18as influenced by two main piths 3. Areas that developed independently II. Postclassic Mesoamerica A. Introduction 1. Toltecs/Aztecs replace Mayas of 8th coulomb CE a. By 15th century Aztecs created extensive empire war, trust, agrarian 2. Downfall of Mayans Teotihuacan a. Nomads from North come shore . Toltec Culture 968 established capital Tula 1. Sedentary/agrarian peoples with militaristic ethical code 2. Cult of sacrifice/war 3. Aztecs saw Toltecs as givers of civilizationB. The Toltec Heritage 1. attracter Topilitzin followed Quetzalcoatl feathered serpent 2. Empire spread over often of rudimentary Mexico 3. 1000 Conquered Chichen Itza Mayans u nder wangle of Toltecs 4. Toltec influence northward a. Trade aquamarine with American Southwest b. How far to Mississippi/Ohio debatable evidence 1. Stepped temples monks Mound 2. Ritual sacrifice 3. pottery 4. Social hearty stratification . Large city Cahokia could handle 30,000 people C. The Aztec Rise to authority double birdie with serpent on cactus 1. Geography aquatic environment chinampas a. Aztecs/Mexicas won arrest of lake b. Nomadic tribes or agri frenzyural culture 2. Political structure centralized city with tri exceptary city-states 3. Military tough warriors/fanatic followers of religion 4. 1428 emerged as independent force D. The Aztec Social Contract 1. Subject peoples a. catch up with testimonial, surrender lands, legions service b. King civil power/ immortal on earth 2. Stratified society a. Histories rewritten 3.Human sacrifice cult of military class supplying war captives as sacrifices E. Religion and the Ideology of triumph 1. Incorporated features from past Mesoamerican religions a. Little distinction between orb of idols and natural world b. Deities fire, rain, water, corn, sky, sun pantheon 1. Gods of fertility/agriculture 2. Creator deities 3. state of war and sacrifice c. Female form for all gods 2. Yearly festivals/ceremonies a. Expansive schedule 3. Sacrifice to energize the sun god needed nourishment of humanity furrow a. Types and frequency/degree changed with Aztecs borrowed from Toltec . religious conviction vs. political control 4. Religious questions after animation, good life, do gods exist 5. machination has flowers/birds/song and blood F. Tenochtitlan The Foundation of Heaven 1. Metropois central zone of palaces/whitewashed temples 2. Adobe brick residential districts 3. Larger houses for nobility 4. Zoos, gardens for king 5. Geographically connected to island by quartet causeways 6. Calpulli ruled neighborhoods G. Feeding the People The Economy of the Empire 1. Mass commonwealth neede d to be fed a. protective cover b. Irrigated agriculture chinampas floating islands 1. 20,000 nation 2.High crop yields 4 times a year corn/ gamboge 2. Trade a. Regular intervals to market b. Barter or cacao beans/amber for currency c. Pochteca presbyopic distance interchange 3. State controlled distri andion of tribute a. Primarily redistributed to nobility III. Aztec Society in Transition A. sidetrack Social Gulf 1. Life base on calpulli (neighborhood) groups a. Governed by council of family heads 2. nobleness came from heads of calpullis 3. Military leaders based on success in victorious captives a. Ritual warfare uniforms 4. As society grew, widening well-disposed discrimination no recollectiveer egalitarian (hmmmwhere have I seen this pattern in the beginning? a. Scribes, artisans, healers between peasants and nobility 5. onlycompetition not between social classes, but between corporate groups B. Overcoming Technological Constraints 1. Role of women relativel y equal, but subordinate to men a. Peasant women fields, child-rearing b. Revered as weavers c. Polygamy among nobility, monogamy among curt d. Could inherit property 2. Limits of technology a. Women six hours a day excoriation corn/maize 1. Couldnt be freed from 30-40 hours of preparing food 3. Controlled vast number of people amazingly 1. 5 million to 25 million C.A Tribute Empire 1. Most power in hands of Aztec ruler and gaffer advisor a. elected from best siblings of royal family 2. As time passed, religious rite sacrifice/military dominated all elements of life 3. City-states as long as they made tribute they could have autonomy 4. Weaknesses a. Rise of nobles modify dynamics b. Society based on system of terror 5. By 1500, Aztec society was in the down, military period height far front IV. Twantinsuyu World of the Incas A. Inca Empire Twantinsuyu highly centralized 1. Integrated various social groups 2. Irrigated agriculture 3.Incorporated elements of previous ci vilizations agriculture/religion/metallurgy 4. Introduction a. Genius for state organization/bureaucratic control b. When central authority broke down, regional leaders took over i. war between rival chiefdoms B. The Inca Rise to Power 1. Inca ruler military alliances and campaigns to take over 2. Subsequent rulers with names youll neer remember expanded and consolidated land a. Between 9 and 13 million people under rule C. Conquest and Religion 1. terra firma for conquest a. economic gain b. political power 2. religion cult of ancestors a. deceased rulers mummified . smash inheritance a. leaders power goes to inheritor b. leaders property goes to male family 4. political and social life related to religion a. holy shrines stones, mountains, rivers, caves, tombs huacas 1. Prayers/human sacrifices b. Temple of the Sun center of state religion D. The Techniques of Inca Imperial Rule 1. Leader/inca considered a god 2. Court also temple 3. Four provinces ruled by governor, pow er then divided further a. Local rulers could remain autonomous if they were faithful 4. All nobles played role in state bureaucracy a. Nobles gained privileges, had a lot to lose b.Could wear life-sized ear spools orejones gee thank 5. Spread language unified 6. System of roads with way move tambos one day apart 7. For labor, people benefited from large, expensive work projects unless central govt can provide a. State-sponsored irrigation made cultivation possible 8. Instead of tribute, they wanted labor 9. Relation between men and wome a. call for to stay close b. Women link to the moon 10. Downfall a. Marriage alliances created rivals for the throne ahhhthat whole succession problem rears its ugly head E. Inca Cultural Achievements 1. Art built on styles of predecessor peoples . Metallurgy gold/silver/bronze, copper b. clayware/cloth 2. ButNo system of writingNo cps 2. Math a. Knotted strings quipo to count 3. Infrastructure greatest skill a. land/water manage ment b. extensive road systems c. Architecture and universal buildings d. Terraced farming on steep slopes F. Comparing Incas and Aztecs aka if you forget everything else, remember this 1. But first, before we get startedlook at the words used in this section a. No reallylook at the words used b. They start with words like although, or both c. Its honorable beautiful how the reader can make connections . In fact, my eyes are filling a little misty a. This is one of the best comparative degree Analysis Essays Ive ever seen in your Stearns restrain, and after 14 chapters of winning notes, Im starting to i. feel like Stearns is like a brother, an older brother, but a brother ii. butI divergelets get back to it 3. Similarities a. Represented military and over-embellished organization success b. Controlled circulation of goods c. Agricultural based with a food trim d. Nobles became more important than local leaders e. Allowed for diversity as long as authority f. Empires acquired by conquest of sedentary peoples . Belief systems, cosmogony similar roots h. Both couldnt survive shock of conquest i. Your book says they do survive the conquest, but I beg to differ, they were split up into small little regions ii. But, I will accept that they carried on the culture 4. However We cannot overlook the great DIFFERENCES a. Aztecs have better trade and markets b. First, there quite similar, variations of said(prenominal) system c. Metallurgy, writing systems, hierarchy i. Ummmbookcould you give us some specifics d. Overallthis section does a vile job discussing differences V. Other Indians A.How to differentiate based on degree of social order/material culture/political structure 1. Diversity based on geographical factors 2. Not all agriculture based B. How umpteen Indians? 1. If you guessed 14,375,421, you were wrong 2. Between 8. 4 million and 112 million Gee thankthats real close i. Numbers changed due to a. Understanding of electric shock of disease b. arc haeological studies c. improved estimates of agricultural techniques 3. Europe about the same size as the Americas population wise C. Differing Cultural Patterns 1. Basicallyits hard to say there is fitting one type of Indian . several(prenominal) hunted, some gathered, some farmed, some did a mixture ii. near had huge class divisions, some were more egalitarian iii. Most lived in small kin-ship based groups 2. North America extremely diverse i. Some lived in cliffs, towns or teepees ii. Agricultural unless farming too tough, then hunting watch gatherers 3. Similar to Europe/Asia i. Kin based societies ii. Communal owning of property iii. Women subordinate, but some had high positions 4. Part of ecological system, not controlling it You work out you own whatever land you land onearth is just a dead thing you can claim, but I loveD. American Indian Diversity in World Context 1. riddle wealthy/accomplished civilizations, but primitive to Europe 2. Buthow much is the difference based on lack of i. wheel ii. large study animals iii. metal tools iv. written language 3. They developed, just differently E. Global Connections 1. isolation prevented diffusion of ideas its not bad, just the reality 2. Lacks world religions, large domesticated animals (yesthey had guinea pigs) 3. Not immune to diseases 4. Lacked ironworking F. Im tired, and Im going to bed