Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (9th Edition)

Exam 1 round off Guide ( display to Anatomy, Chemistry, Cell) Note 90 % of the exam will make it from this freshen guide. 10% will come from masteringaandp. com, the text or material cover in the lecture and not posted on the lecture slides. Introduction to Anatomy What is the definition of anatomy? What is the definition of physiology? What is homeostasis? What argon the ii ways in which homeostasis is maintained? What atomic number 18 the directional terms used to fuck off things in the consistency? o For example, what be the medical exam terms for the hobby? o Up/down o Right/left o Close/far Closer to the midline/farther from the midline o Same side/opposite side o Face up/face down o Etc. (maybe more) What atomic number 18 the major(ip) cavities of the body? What atomic number 18 the planes of the body? What are the body regions? o For example, what are the medical terms for the following? o Arm o Forearm o Wrist o Hand o Fingers o Thumb o Elbow o Front of cubital joint o Point of elbow o T heights o Knee o Knee capital o Leg o Calf o Foot o Sole of foot o orchestrate o Neck o Chest o Lungs o Heart o Groin o Pelvis (front) o Low back o Buttocks o Etc. (maybe more) What are the four abdominal quadrants and what major organs are comprise in from each(prenominal) one quadrant? What are the levels of organization and what is the shape? Chemistry What are the four major elements of the body? What are the lesser or trace elements of the body? What are the tercet subatomic particles and what fool do they carry? What is an isotope? What is the difference mingled with an atom and an element? What are the three major shells of chemical bonds? How do they differ? o arrive at examples for each. What three atoms are associated with henry bonding? What are the cardinal major types of chemical reactions? Do you consider or use energy when you make a bond? Break a bond? What is the difference between a catalyst and an enzy me? What is the major atom/element blockadeed in ingrained fertiliser compounds? What is an astringent? What is a base? What is pH the measure of? If aspirin is a weakly panelingic drug, where is it most likely to be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract? Why? Is lemon juice an example of an acid or a base? Is household chlorine an example of an acid or a base? What are the four major types of organic compounds? What are examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides? What are examples of lipids? What are examples of proteins? What are the building blocks of proteins? What do proteins contain that carbohydrates and lipids do not? What are the two major types of nucleic acids? What are the two major types of purines? What are the three major types of pyrimidines? Which purines are bonded to which pyrimidines? How many hydrogen bond hold them together? What is DNA? What is RNA? What are the nucleotides (chains of nucleic acids) serene of? Wh at are the two major parts of metabolism? What are the high compounds which store energy? Cells What is the plasma membrane composed of? What is the lick of the plasma membrane? What are the two unlike types of plasma membrane proteins? What are the three intimacys of membrane proteins? Where are glycolipids only found? What are the three major types of membrane junctions? o What are their functions What is osmosis? What is diffusion? What are the two major types? What is active transport? What are the major types? What is endocytosis/exocytosis? What are the different types of endocytosis? What is phagocytosis? What is pinocytosis? What is clathrin-mediated/receptor-mediated endocytosis? What is the cytoplasm? Cytosol? What are the major organelles of the cell? What are their functions? o For example, what is the function of the following organelles? o Mitochondria o Peroxisomes o Lysosomes o Edoplasmic reticulum ? brush up ? Rough o Golgi apparatus o Cytoskel eton o Centrioles o Ribosomes o Etc. (Maybe more) What are cilia? What is the nucleus? What does it contain? What is chromatin? What is the cell calendar method of birth control? When is DNA replicated? What does the cell undergo cell division? What is mitosis? What are the phases of mitosis? What occurs during each phase? What is meiosis? How does it differ from mitosis? What are the phases of meiosis? What is transcription? From what to what? What is version? From what to what? Tissues What makes up weaves? What are the 4 different types of tissues? What are the different types of epithelial tissues? How do you name the epithelial tissues? o Simple o severalise o Pseudostratified o Transitional o Squamous o Cuboidal o Columnar o Etc. (look for more) Where are these epithelial tissues located? What are the major functions of each? What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands? Where do you realise goblet cells? What is the function of goblet c ells? What are the different types of exocrine glands? ( coordinates) What is the difference between merocrine and holocrine glands? What are the different types of connective tissues? o jobless o Areolar o Adipose o Reticular o Dense o Regular o Irregular o cartilage (Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrous) o Bone (Osseous) o Blood What are their (above) functions and where are they found? What 3 structural elements make up connective tissue? What are the characteristics of nervous tissue? What are the 3 different types of muscle tissue? What the differences? What are the similarities? What are the characteristics for each? What happens in tissue repair? fell Tissue What are the 3 major regions of the skin? What are the 4 cells of the carapace? What are their functions? What are the 4 or 5 storeys of the epidermis? Where do you scrape up stratum lucidum? What is in like manner called the basal level? What is in addition called stratum germinativum? o What do you find in this layer? What is also called the prickly layer? o What do you find in this layer? What is also called the granular layer? o What do you find in this layer? What is also called the clear layer? o What do you find in this layer? What is also called the horny layer? o What do you find in this layer? Is the epidermis vascular? What are the 2 major divisions of the dermis? o What do you find in each layer? What do you find in the hypodermis or subcutaneous layer? What are the 3 pigments that contribute to skin color? What are the 4 different types of sweat glands? Where do you find each? What are fatty glands? Where do you find hair? o What is its function? o What is its bodily structure? o What is the hair follicle? What are the 2 different types of hair and when or where are they found? o What is alopecia and what are some ways to divvy up it? What are nails? o What is its structure? What are some of the functions of the integumentary dodge? What are the 3 major typ es of skin cancer? o What are the degrees of severity? o What is the most dangerous? o What is the ABCD regularization? What are burns? o What is a first degree burn? physical exercise? o What is a second degree burn? Example? o What is a third degree burn? Example? o What is the rule of NINES? Bone Tissue What type of tissue is cartilage? o Structure? Function? What makes up cartilage? o Ground shopping centre? o Fibers? o Cells? What are the 3 different types of cartilage? o Where do you find each type? What are the different types of yield for cartilage and which direction do they occur? o Appositional o interstitial Is cartilage vascular? What are the 2 major divisions of the skeleton? What are the 4 major shape classifications for jampack? What are some major functions of gussy up? What are the major stand up markings and how are they described? o Tuberosity o Crest o Trochanter o Line o Tubercle o Epicondyle o Spine o Process Head o Facet o Condyle o Ramus o M eatus o venous sinus o Fossa o Groove o Fissure o Foramen What is o Diaphysis? o Epiphysis? o Metaphysis? o epiphysial line? o Periosteum? o Medullary cavity? Is bone vascular? What type of tissue is bone? o Structure? o Function? What makes up bone tissue? o Ground substance? o Fibers? o Cells? What types of bones contain spongy bone? What is the function of red bone marrow? o In infants? o In adults? What is the function of yellow bone marrow? What is the functional (or basic) unit of the bone? What are Haversian systems (or osteons)? What are o Lamella o Haversian (central) canals o Volkmanns canals o Canaliculi o Osteocytes o Osteogenic cells o Osteoblasts o Osteoclasts What do you find in lacunae? What is endochondral conformance and where does it occur? o What are the 5 stages? What is intramembranous ossification? Example? What are the functional zones in long bone growing? o What are the 3 zones? How does growth hormone (GH) affect bone growth before pubert y (and epiphysial growth plate closure)? How does growth hormone (GH) affect bone growth after puberty (and epiphyseal growth plate closure)? What are the two hormones released at puberty? o What type of closure occurs as a result? o What type of growth does this closure end? What is the difference between bone witness and resorption? What is calcium used for? What is the function of calcitonin? o Where does it come from? What is the function of parathyroid hormone? o Where does it come from What is Wolffs law of nature? Fractures? o Comminuted o Compression o Spiral o Epiphyseal o Depressed o Greenstick What are the stages of bone healing? What is o Osteomalacia o Rickets o Osteoporosis o Pagets disease